SINECOD 0.15% w/v Price

Overview

Welcome to Dwaey, specifically on SINECOD 0.15% w/v page.
This medicine contains an important and useful components, as it consists of
Butamirate dihydrogen citrateis available in the market in concentration

Name

Zopiclone

Precaution

Before using **Zopiclone**, patients should be aware of the following precautions: - **Dependence and Tolerance**: Zopiclone, like other sedative-hypnotics, carries a risk of **dependence** and **tolerance** if used for prolonged periods or in higher-than-prescribed doses. It is typically prescribed for short-term use, and patients should avoid long-term use unless absolutely necessary and under medical supervision. - **CNS Depression**: Zopiclone can cause **CNS depression**, leading to **drowsiness**, **dizziness**, and **impaired coordination**. These effects can be enhanced when taken with other CNS depressants like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or opioids. Patients should avoid activities that require full mental alertness, such as driving, after taking the medication. - **Memory Impairment and Behavior Changes**: Zopiclone may cause **anterograde amnesia** (memory loss) and has been associated with **behavioral changes** like **agitation**, **hallucinations**, or **sleepwalking**. Patients should be monitored for any unusual mental health symptoms, particularly at the start of treatment. - **Alcohol Use**: Alcohol can increase the sedative effects of Zopiclone, leading to severe drowsiness, respiratory depression, or overdose. Patients should **avoid alcohol** while taking Zopiclone. - **Hepatic Impairment**: In patients with **liver disease**, metabolism of Zopiclone may be impaired. Lower doses may be required in individuals with **mild to moderate hepatic impairment**, and the drug should be avoided in **severe liver disease**. - **Elderly Patients**: The elderly are more prone to the sedative effects of Zopiclone. A lower dose may be needed to reduce the risk of **falls**, **sedation**, and **cognitive impairment**. - **Pregnancy and Breastfeeding**: Zopiclone is generally **contraindicated** in **pregnancy** due to potential risks to the developing fetus. It is also not recommended during breastfeeding as it may pass into breast milk and affect the infant.

Indication

**Zopiclone** is primarily indicated for: - **Short-Term Treatment of Insomnia**: Zopiclone is prescribed to treat **insomnia**, especially for patients who have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. It helps in improving both **sleep initiation** and **sleep maintenance**. - **Acute Sleep Disturbances**: It is often used for short-term management of **acute sleep disturbances** that may result from stress, trauma, or environmental changes. - **Sleep Disorders in Psychiatric Conditions**: Zopiclone may also be used in certain psychiatric disorders associated with disturbed sleep patterns, although its use in chronic conditions is not recommended.

Contra indication

**Zopiclone** should not be used in the following situations: - **Hypersensitivity**: Patients who are allergic to **Zopiclone** or any of its components should avoid using the drug. - **Severe Hepatic Impairment**: Zopiclone is contraindicated in individuals with **severe liver disease**, as the liver is responsible for metabolizing the drug. Accumulation of the drug in the body can lead to toxicity. - **Respiratory Insufficiency**: Zopiclone is contraindicated in patients with **severe respiratory insufficiency** or **sleep apnea**, as it can worsen respiratory depression and lead to hypoventilation. - **Myasthenia Gravis**: Zopiclone should not be used in patients with **myasthenia gravis** (a neuromuscular disorder), as it can exacerbate the condition by causing excessive muscle relaxation and weakness. - **Pregnancy**: Zopiclone should not be used during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, due to the potential risk to the fetus. - **Breastfeeding**: It is contraindicated during breastfeeding, as it can pass into breast milk and harm the infant.

Side Effect

Common side effects of **Zopiclone** include: - **Drowsiness** or **sedation** during the day following use. - **Dizziness** or **lightheadedness**. - **Headache**, **nausea**, and **dry mouth**. - **Memory problems** or **short-term memory loss** (especially when waking up). - **Impaired coordination** and **muscle weakness**, leading to potential falls or accidents. - **Unusual thoughts** or **behavioral changes**, including **agitation** and **hallucinations**. Serious side effects that require immediate medical attention include: - **Severe allergic reactions** (e.g., rash, swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing). - **Severe confusion**, **delirium**, or **hallucinations**. - **Uncontrolled movements**, such as **muscle twitching** or **tremors**. - **Severe respiratory depression**, especially when combined with other CNS depressants.

Pregnancy Category ID

0

Mode of Action

Zopiclone works as a **GABA-A receptor agonist**, enhancing the effect of the neurotransmitter **GABA** (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which has an inhibitory effect on the central nervous system (CNS). By binding to GABA-A receptors, Zopiclone increases the inhibitory effects of GABA, leading to: - **Sedation** and **relaxation** of the nervous system, promoting sleep. - **Muscle relaxation** (to a lesser degree compared to other sedatives) and **decreased anxiety**. - It specifically targets the **GABA-A receptor**, which is involved in the initiation and regulation of sleep, making it effective for managing insomnia.

Interaction

**Zopiclone** can interact with a variety of other medications and substances, potentially enhancing its effects or causing harmful interactions: - **CNS Depressants**: Combining Zopiclone with other **CNS depressants** such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, **opioids**, **antidepressants**, and **antihistamines** can lead to profound sedation, respiratory depression, and risk of overdose. - **Enzyme Inhibitors**: **CYP3A4 inhibitors** (e.g., **ketoconazole**, **itraconazole**, and **ritonavir**) can increase Zopiclone’s plasma concentration, leading to increased sedative effects and potential toxicity. - **Anticonvulsants**: Certain anticonvulsant medications like **phenytoin** may reduce the effectiveness of Zopiclone by inducing its metabolism. - **Grapefruit Juice**: Grapefruit can inhibit the metabolism of Zopiclone, leading to higher blood levels of the drug and an increased risk of side effects such as excessive sedation.

Pregnancy Category Note

Information not available

Adult Dose

The recommended **starting dose** for **insomnia** in adults is **7.5 mg** taken once daily, just before bedtime. - **Elderly patients** or those with liver or kidney impairment should start with a **lower dose** of **3.75 mg** to reduce the risk of adverse effects. - The dose may be adjusted based on the patient's response to the medication, with the maximum dose not exceeding **10 mg** per day. - Zopiclone should be taken **immediately before bedtime** to reduce the risk of daytime drowsiness or sedation.

Child Dose

Zopiclone is **not recommended** for children or adolescents under the age of 18, as the safety and efficacy in pediatric populations have not been well established. It should only be used in exceptional cases with careful consideration and medical supervision. --- **Important Note**: Always consult with a healthcare provider before using **Zopiclone** to determine if it is appropriate for your condition. A doctor will assess your medical history, including any pre-existing conditions and other medications, to provide the safest and most effective treatment plan. Ensure adherence to the prescribed dosage and avoid long-term use unless advised by your healthcare provider.

Renal Dose

Patients with **renal impairment** (particularly those with **severe renal disease**) may need dose adjustments due to slower elimination of the drug from the body. **Lower doses** (e.g., **3.75 mg**) are generally recommended for individuals with kidney problems. **Monitoring** of renal function is important, and the drug should be used with caution in these patients.

Administration

Information not available