ISOMAR Occhi Eye Drops Price

Overview

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This medicine contains an important and useful components, as it consists of
Cineraria Maritima extract, Calendula officinalis Extract, Euphrasia officinalis extract , Helicrysum Italicum extract , Centaurea cyanus extract , Sodium hyaluronate, Hydroxypropyl methyl celluloseis available in the market in concentration

Name

Zannamivir

Precaution

Before taking Zanamivir, it is essential for patients to consult their healthcare provider to ensure the medication is appropriate for their individual health needs. Specific precautions should be considered to reduce the risk of adverse effects: - **Respiratory Issues**: Zanamivir is contraindicated for individuals with underlying respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is because it can cause bronchospasm (tightening of the airways), which may worsen symptoms or trigger an asthma attack. - **Allergic Reactions**: Patients with a history of hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to Zanamivir or any of its ingredients should not use the drug. Severe allergic reactions, such as difficulty breathing, facial swelling, and rashes, require immediate medical attention. - **Pregnancy and Breastfeeding**: While Zanamivir has not shown teratogenic effects in animal studies, the safety of the drug during pregnancy has not been fully established. Pregnant women should consult their doctor before using Zanamivir. It is also unknown if Zanamivir passes into breast milk, so it should only be used during breastfeeding if the benefits outweigh the risks. - **Kidney Function**: Zanamivir is primarily excreted by the kidneys. In patients with renal impairment, dose adjustments may be required to avoid toxicity. Healthcare providers should monitor kidney function closely in these individuals. - **Monitoring for Side Effects**: Individuals should monitor for any unusual symptoms like shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest discomfort, especially those with a history of respiratory conditions.

Indication

Zanamivir is an antiviral medication primarily used for the treatment and prevention of influenza (flu) caused by influenza viruses (types A and B). Its therapeutic uses include: - **Treatment of Influenza**: Zanamivir is used to treat active influenza infection in both adults and children who have had flu symptoms for less than 48 hours. It helps reduce the duration and severity of symptoms. - **Prevention of Influenza**: Zanamivir can be used to prevent influenza in people who have been exposed to the virus, such as in households or community outbreaks. - **High-Risk Populations**: Zanamivir may also be prescribed for high-risk individuals who are more vulnerable to severe complications from the flu, including the elderly, individuals with chronic health conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes), and immunocompromised patients. Zanamivir does not cure the flu, but it can alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.

Contra indication

Zanamivir should not be used under certain conditions, as it can cause significant risks. Contraindications include: - **Hypersensitivity**: If the patient is allergic to Zanamivir or any of the ingredients in the formulation, it should be avoided. Allergic reactions can include difficulty breathing, hives, and swelling of the face and throat. - **Severe Respiratory Conditions**: Zanamivir is contraindicated in patients with a history of asthma, COPD, or any other chronic respiratory condition that may increase the risk of bronchospasm. The drug may trigger breathing problems, which can be dangerous. - **Children Under 5**: For young children with underlying respiratory issues, the use of Zanamivir may be contraindicated due to increased risk of respiratory complications. - **Severe Renal Impairment**: In individuals with severe kidney disease or renal failure, Zanamivir should not be used without careful monitoring and dose adjustment.

Side Effect

Zanamivir is generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, it may cause side effects. Common and severe side effects include: - **Common Side Effects**: - **Respiratory Issues**: These may include cough, sore throat, or nasal congestion. - **Gastrointestinal Distress**: Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common in some patients. - **Headache**: Some users report mild headaches after using Zanamivir. - **Severe Side Effects**: - **Bronchospasm**: Especially in individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Zanamivir can trigger bronchospasm, which can be life-threatening. - **Neuropsychiatric Symptoms**: Though rare, some patients have reported confusion, delirium, and hallucinations, particularly in children and adolescents. This warrants careful monitoring, especially in younger patients. - **Allergic Reactions**: Serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported in rare instances. Symptoms may include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, and severe rashes. - **Lung Issues**: Patients with pre-existing lung disease or asthma may experience significant respiratory difficulties, including wheezing and shortness of breath. Patients should seek immediate medical attention if they experience difficulty breathing, chest tightness, or any allergic reactions.

Pregnancy Category ID

3

Mode of Action

Zanamivir works by inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase, an enzyme found on the surface of the influenza virus. Neuraminidase is crucial for the virus’s ability to spread within the respiratory tract. - **Mechanism of Action**: Zanamivir binds to the neuraminidase enzyme, preventing it from cleaving sialic acid residues from host cell surfaces. This action inhibits the release of new viral particles from infected cells, thereby halting the spread of the virus to neighboring cells. - **Therapeutic Effects**: By preventing the viral spread, Zanamivir helps to reduce the severity and duration of flu symptoms. It is effective against both influenza A and B viruses. However, it is most effective when administered within 48 hours of symptom onset. The mechanism of action allows the body’s immune system to more effectively combat the infection by limiting viral replication.

Interaction

Zanamivir has a relatively low potential for drug interactions, but certain drugs may alter its effectiveness or increase side effects. Notable interactions include: - **Other Antiviral Medications**: There is no significant interaction with other antiviral drugs like oseltamivir, but it is important to avoid using multiple antiviral treatments concurrently unless prescribed by a healthcare provider. Combining antiviral drugs without guidance may lead to unnecessary side effects. - **Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)**: Zanamivir can interact with live influenza vaccines, especially if the patient is vaccinated within 48 hours of starting Zanamivir treatment. It may reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine. - **Immunosuppressants**: While Zanamivir is generally safe, patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs should be closely monitored. These drugs can increase the risk of secondary infections or reduce the body's ability to mount an effective immune response to the influenza virus. - **Other Respiratory Medications**: Concurrent use with bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol) or inhaled corticosteroids may require extra caution, as these medications can exacerbate respiratory issues or interact with the delivery of Zanamivir. Patients should inform their healthcare provider of any medications they are taking, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, to prevent potential interactions.

Pregnancy Category Note

Information not available

Adult Dose

For adults, the typical recommended dose of Zanamivir for both treatment and prevention of influenza is as follows: - **Treatment**: 10 mg (two inhalations of 5 mg each) twice a day for 5 days. Treatment should begin within 48 hours of the first flu symptoms. - **Prevention**: 10 mg (two inhalations of 5 mg each) once daily for 10 days. Prevention dosing is used for individuals who have been exposed to influenza but have not yet developed symptoms, particularly during outbreaks. Zanamivir should be administered via inhalation using the disk inhaler device provided with the medication.

Child Dose

For pediatric patients, the dosage of Zanamivir varies based on age: - **Children aged 7 years and older**: The recommended dose for treatment is 10 mg (two inhalations of 5 mg) twice a day for 5 days. - **Children aged 5-6 years**: The same dosing schedule is followed as for older children, but parents should closely monitor for any adverse respiratory reactions. - **Children under 5 years**: Zanamivir is generally not recommended for use in children under 5 years due to the increased risk of respiratory complications and bronchospasm. Always consult a pediatrician before administering any antiviral medication to a child, particularly if the child has a history of respiratory issues.

Renal Dose

For individuals with renal impairment, the dosing of Zanamivir may need to be adjusted: - **Mild Renal Impairment (creatinine clearance 50–80 mL/min)**: No dose adjustment is generally needed. - **Moderate to Severe Renal Impairment (creatinine clearance <50 mL/min)**: Dose adjustments are necessary, and careful monitoring of renal function should be done. Typically, Zanamivir is not recommended for patients with severe renal impairment unless the benefit outweighs the risks. Patients with renal issues should inform their healthcare provider, as individual adjustments based on kidney function may be required.

Administration

Information not available