GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE 200 MICROGRAMS PER ML Price

Overview

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This medicine contains an important and useful components, as it consists of
Glycopyrronium (as bromide)is available in the market in concentration

Name

Miconazole Nitrate

Precaution

Before using **Miconazole Nitrate**, it is crucial to consult a healthcare provider to ensure that it is suitable for your specific condition. Key precautions include: - **Pregnancy**: **Miconazole Nitrate** is considered **Category C** in pregnancy, which means that it may be harmful to the fetus in animal studies but has not been sufficiently studied in humans. It should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefits outweigh the risks, and it is recommended to seek professional medical advice before use. - **Liver and Kidney Function**: Although **Miconazole** is typically safe for use in individuals with mild liver or kidney impairment, caution should be exercised in patients with **severe liver** or **kidney dysfunction**, as this may affect drug metabolism or excretion. - **Allergies**: If you have a known hypersensitivity or allergy to **Miconazole** or other **azole antifungals**, it should not be used. Signs of an allergic reaction may include **rash**, **itching**, **swelling**, or **difficulty breathing**. - **Skin and Mucous Membrane Irritation**: **Miconazole Nitrate** may cause mild irritation at the site of application, such as burning, stinging, or redness. If these symptoms are severe or persist, discontinuation and consultation with a healthcare provider are necessary.

Indication

**Miconazole Nitrate** is an antifungal medication used for the treatment of various fungal infections. Specific indications include: - **Vaginal Candidiasis**: **Miconazole Nitrate** is most commonly prescribed for the treatment of **vaginal yeast infections** caused by **Candida albicans**. It is effective in relieving symptoms such as itching, burning, and abnormal vaginal discharge. - **Fungal Skin Infections**: It is also indicated for the treatment of **tinea** (ringworm), **athlete's foot**, **jock itch**, and **skin candidiasis**, where it helps to reduce fungal overgrowth on the skin and alleviate related symptoms such as itching and redness. - **Oral Candidiasis (Thrush)**: In some cases, **Miconazole Nitrate** may be used topically to treat oral fungal infections caused by **Candida**, particularly in immunocompromised patients.

Contra indication

**Miconazole Nitrate** should not be used in the following situations: - **Hypersensitivity**: Patients who have a known **allergy** to **Miconazole** or any other **azole antifungals** should avoid using this product to prevent serious allergic reactions. - **First Trimester of Pregnancy**: Although the safety of **Miconazole Nitrate** during pregnancy has not been fully established, it is generally recommended to avoid use in the **first trimester** unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider. - **Severe Liver Disease**: Since **Miconazole** is metabolized by the liver, it should be used with caution in patients with **severe liver dysfunction**. Dosage adjustments may be necessary. - **Use in Infants**: For infants under the age of **4 months**, **Miconazole Nitrate** should generally be avoided unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider due to concerns about potential side effects.

Side Effect

Common and severe side effects associated with **Miconazole Nitrate** include: - **Local Irritation**: Mild irritation, burning, or stinging at the application site may occur, especially during the initial stages of treatment. This is typically temporary. - **Vaginal Irritation**: When used for vaginal infections, some women may experience **vaginal itching**, **burning**, or **swelling**. These symptoms are usually mild and subside as the treatment progresses. - **Skin Reactions**: In rare cases, patients may experience **skin redness**, **rash**, or **peeling** when using the topical cream for skin infections. If these symptoms persist or worsen, discontinuation of the medication and consultation with a healthcare provider is necessary. - **Gastrointestinal Symptoms**: Though uncommon, some individuals may experience **nausea**, **vomiting**, or **abdominal discomfort** when using oral preparations. - **Allergic Reactions**: In rare instances, **Miconazole Nitrate** can cause severe allergic reactions, such as **hives**, **difficulty breathing**, or **swelling of the face, lips, or tongue**. Immediate medical attention should be sought if any of these symptoms occur.

Pregnancy Category ID

3

Mode of Action

**Miconazole Nitrate** works as an **antifungal agent** by inhibiting the synthesis of **ergosterol**, a critical component of the fungal cell membrane. The mechanism of action involves: - **Inhibition of Ergosterol Synthesis**: **Miconazole** disrupts the production of **ergosterol**, which is necessary for maintaining the integrity and fluidity of the fungal cell membrane. Without it, the cell membrane becomes permeable, leading to leakage of cellular contents and ultimately fungal cell death. - **Fungistatic and Fungicidal Action**: **Miconazole** can act in both a **fungistatic** (inhibiting fungal growth) and **fungicidal** (killing fungi) manner depending on the concentration of the drug and the susceptibility of the organism. It is effective against a wide range of fungi, including **Candida**, **dermatophytes**, and **Malassezia** species. - **Selective Action Against Fungi**: While **Miconazole** is effective against a broad spectrum of fungi, it has minimal effect on human cells, which makes it suitable for topical applications to treat fungal infections without significant toxicity to the patient.

Interaction

**Miconazole Nitrate** may interact with several medications and substances, including: - **Oral Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin)**: **Miconazole** can increase the anticoagulant effect of **warfarin**, which can raise the risk of **bleeding**. Careful monitoring of **INR** levels is advised during concurrent use. - **CYP450 Inhibitors**: **Miconazole** is metabolized by the **CYP450 enzyme system**, so drugs that inhibit this system (e.g., **fluconazole**, **ketoconazole**) may increase **Miconazole** levels, potentially leading to adverse effects. - **Corticosteroids**: Concomitant use of **Miconazole** with **topical corticosteroids** may increase the risk of local skin side effects such as **skin thinning** or delayed wound healing. - **Immunosuppressants**: The use of **Miconazole** in combination with **immunosuppressants** (e.g., **cyclosporine**) should be done with caution, as it may lead to increased blood levels of **immunosuppressive agents**, raising the risk of toxicity.

Pregnancy Category Note

Information not available

Adult Dose

For **adult patients**, the recommended dose of **Miconazole Nitrate** varies depending on the form and the condition being treated: - **Vaginal Candidiasis**: Apply **1 applicator (approximately 5 grams)** of the **2% vaginal cream** once daily at **bedtime** for **7 days**. Alternatively, the **vaginal suppository** form may be used once daily for the same duration. - **Fungal Skin Infections**: Apply a thin layer of **Miconazole Nitrate cream** to the affected area **2–3 times daily** for **2–4 weeks** or until the infection is completely resolved. - **Oral Candidiasis**: **Miconazole** oral gel should be applied to the affected areas of the mouth **4 times a day** after meals and before bed for **7–14 days**.

Child Dose

For children, the use of **Miconazole Nitrate** is generally as follows: - **Children over 2 years**: For **oral candidiasis**, **Miconazole 2% oral gel** may be applied to the affected areas **4 times daily**. For **skin infections**, a thin layer of **Miconazole Nitrate cream** should be applied **2–3 times daily**. - **Children under 2 years**: The safety and efficacy of **Miconazole Nitrate** in children under **2 years** have not been established, and its use should be avoided unless specifically prescribed by a healthcare provider. Patients should consult their healthcare provider before using **Miconazole Nitrate**, especially in children, to ensure the appropriate dosage and formulation for their condition.

Renal Dose

For patients with **renal impairment**, **Miconazole Nitrate** generally does not require specific dose adjustments when used topically (e.g., cream, vaginal suppository). However, caution is recommended when using any **systemic formulation**, as renal function may influence drug absorption and metabolism. Always consult with a healthcare provider if there are any concerns about kidney function or if a systemic formulation is used.

Administration

Information not available