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Overview

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This medicine contains an important and useful components, as it consists of
Dolutegravir Sodium, Abacavir Sulfate, lamivudineis available in the market in concentration

Name

Hepatitis A Virus (Inactivated) Vaccine

Precaution

Before receiving the **Hepatitis A Virus (Inactivated) Vaccine**, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider due to several precautions: - **Allergic Reactions**: Patients with a history of **severe allergic reactions** (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine should not receive the Hepatitis A vaccine. This includes allergies to any of the vaccine’s inactive ingredients or to **gelatin** and **neomycin**, which may be present in some vaccine formulations. - **Pregnancy and Lactation**: The **Hepatitis A vaccine** is generally considered **safe during pregnancy**. However, it should only be administered during pregnancy if the potential benefit outweighs any potential risks. It is also recommended that breastfeeding women consult a healthcare provider before vaccination, although no significant risks have been reported for breastfeeding mothers. - **Immunocompromised Individuals**: While the **inactivated Hepatitis A vaccine** does not contain live virus, patients with **weakened immune systems** (e.g., those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, or those with HIV/AIDS) should speak with a healthcare provider to ensure it is safe and appropriate for them. - **Moderate or Severe Illness**: Individuals who are **ill** with moderate to severe conditions should wait until they recover before receiving the vaccine. The presence of a mild illness, such as a cold, is typically not a contraindication for vaccination. - **Previous Hepatitis A Infection**: Individuals who have already had a previous infection with **Hepatitis A** may not require the vaccine. A healthcare provider should assess the need based on prior exposure and immunity.

Indication

The **Hepatitis A Virus (Inactivated) Vaccine** is indicated for: - **Prevention of Hepatitis A**: This vaccine is primarily used to prevent **Hepatitis A** infection, a viral liver disease caused by the **Hepatitis A virus (HAV)**. It is highly recommended for individuals at risk of exposure to the virus, such as: - People traveling to countries with a high incidence of Hepatitis A. - Individuals with chronic **liver disease** or those who are at risk of **liver damage** from the virus. - People working in certain occupations, such as **food handling** or **healthcare**, where the risk of viral exposure is higher. - Individuals with **HIV/AIDS** or other **immune system disorders**. - Children in regions or communities where Hepatitis A is common. - **Post-Exposure Prophylaxis**: The vaccine may also be used after exposure to **Hepatitis A** to prevent infection if given within a **short time frame** (usually within two weeks) following potential exposure. - **Routine Childhood Vaccination**: In some countries, the Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended as part of the routine childhood immunization schedule.

Contra indication

The **Hepatitis A Vaccine** should not be administered in the following cases: - **Severe Allergic Reaction**: Individuals who have had a **severe allergic reaction** (anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine, such as **gelatin**, **neomycin**, or any other ingredient, should avoid receiving the vaccine. - **Known Allergy to the Hepatitis A Vaccine**: If a person has experienced an allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine, they should not receive subsequent doses. - **Severe Illness**: Individuals who are **moderately or severely ill** at the time of vaccination should delay getting the vaccine until they recover. - **Pregnancy (Caution)**: Although the vaccine is classified as **safe** during pregnancy, it is typically avoided unless absolutely necessary. It should only be administered to pregnant individuals when the benefits outweigh the potential risks.

Side Effect

Like all vaccines, the **Hepatitis A vaccine** can cause side effects. Most side effects are mild and temporary, but some may be more severe: - **Common Side Effects**: - **Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site**: This is the most common reaction and typically resolves within a few hours to a couple of days. - **Fever**: A low-grade fever may occur within the first 24-48 hours after vaccination. - **Fatigue**: Feeling tired or weak can occur for a few days following the vaccine. - **Headache**: Some people may experience a mild headache post-vaccination. - **Loss of appetite**: Decreased appetite is occasionally reported. - **Less Common Side Effects**: - **Allergic Reactions**: Rare but serious allergic reactions, such as **anaphylaxis**, can occur. Signs of an allergic reaction include rash, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face and throat. Immediate medical attention is necessary if these symptoms occur. - **Dizziness or fainting**: Some individuals may feel lightheaded or faint after receiving the vaccine, particularly among adolescents. It is recommended to sit or lie down for 15 minutes after vaccination to prevent fainting. - **Gastrointestinal symptoms**: **Nausea**, **vomiting**, or **diarrhea** may occur in some cases. - **Arthralgia** (joint pain) and muscle pain, although rare, may occur.

Pregnancy Category ID

3

Mode of Action

The **Hepatitis A vaccine** works by stimulating the body’s **immune system** to produce **antibodies** against the **Hepatitis A virus (HAV)**. This process involves the following: - **Inactivated Virus**: The vaccine contains **inactivated (killed) Hepatitis A virus** particles. These inactivated virus particles cannot cause disease but are sufficient to trigger an immune response. - **Immune Response**: Upon administration, the immune system recognizes the inactivated virus as a foreign substance and produces **antibodies** to combat it. These antibodies specifically target the Hepatitis A virus. - **Immunity**: If the vaccinated individual is later exposed to **Hepatitis A**, their immune system will recognize the virus and respond more quickly and effectively, preventing the onset of disease.

Interaction

The **Hepatitis A Vaccine** can interact with various medications or substances, which could affect its effectiveness or safety: - **Immunosuppressive Medications**: Drugs that **suppress the immune system**, such as **chemotherapy**, **corticosteroids**, or **immunosuppressive therapy** following an organ transplant, may interfere with the vaccine’s ability to induce a sufficient immune response. Patients taking these drugs should consult their healthcare provider before receiving the vaccine. - **Other Vaccines**: The **Hepatitis A vaccine** may be co-administered with other **routine childhood vaccines**, including the **Hepatitis B**, **MMR** (measles, mumps, rubella), and **DTaP** (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) vaccines. However, they should be administered at different sites or at appropriate intervals as directed by a healthcare provider. - **Blood Products**: The vaccine may have reduced effectiveness if administered shortly after receiving **blood products**, including **immunoglobulin**. A waiting period of several months may be necessary, depending on the specific blood product received. - **Antiviral Drugs**: There is no significant interaction between the **Hepatitis A vaccine** and most **antiviral medications**, as it is an inactivated vaccine and does not rely on live virus replication. However, individuals receiving antiviral treatments should consult their healthcare provider for specific advice regarding vaccination.

Pregnancy Category Note

Information not available

Adult Dose

For **adults** and **children aged 12 years and older**, the recommended dosing schedule for the **Hepatitis A vaccine** consists of two doses: - **First dose**: The initial dose is typically administered as a **0.5 mL injection** into the **muscle** of the upper arm (deltoid muscle). - **Second dose**: The second dose is administered **6-12 months** after the first dose. The second dose is crucial for long-term protection. - **Booster**: No routine booster dose is necessary after the second dose, but some individuals, such as those with ongoing risk factors, may be advised by their healthcare provider to receive an additional dose.

Child Dose

For **children**, the dosing schedule is the same as for adults, but the vaccine is usually administered starting at the age of **1 year**: - **First dose**: Administered at **12 months** of age. - **Second dose**: Given **6-12 months** after the first dose, typically between the ages of **18 months to 2 years**. - Children under the age of 1 should not receive the vaccine. As always, it is critical to consult a healthcare provider prior to vaccination to ensure the Hepatitis A vaccine is appropriate, especially in cases of **pregnancy**, **lactation**, or **immunocompromised states**.

Renal Dose

There is no specific dose adjustment required for individuals with **renal impairment** since the **Hepatitis A vaccine** is not metabolized by the kidneys and does not depend on renal function. However, individuals with **severe renal disease** or on **dialysis** should still consult with a healthcare provider before vaccination.

Administration

Information not available