ANTIJOIN Price

Overview

Welcome to Dwaey, specifically on ANTIJOIN page.
This medicine contains an important and useful components, as it consists of
Hydroxyethyl starch, Sodium hyaluronateis available in the market in concentration

Name

Isoniazid

Precaution

Before starting isoniazid, it is essential for patients to consult their healthcare provider to ensure its safe and appropriate use. Key precautions include: - **Liver Disease**: Isoniazid can cause hepatotoxicity (liver damage), which can be severe and even fatal. It should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing liver disease or a history of liver issues. Regular monitoring of liver enzymes (ALT, AST) is necessary during treatment. - **Alcohol Use**: Excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of liver toxicity when taking isoniazid. Patients should limit alcohol intake or avoid it entirely during treatment. - **Peripheral Neuropathy**: Isoniazid can cause peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage), particularly in patients with conditions such as diabetes, alcohol dependence, or malnutrition. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) supplementation is often recommended to prevent neuropathy. - **Pregnancy and Breastfeeding**: Isoniazid is classified as pregnancy category C. It is used during pregnancy only if the benefits outweigh the risks, particularly for treating active tuberculosis. It is excreted into breast milk, so breastfeeding mothers should discuss risks with their healthcare provider. - **Renal Impairment**: In patients with kidney dysfunction, isoniazid should be used with caution. Dose adjustments may be necessary, and regular monitoring of renal function is recommended. - **Drug Interactions**: Isoniazid can interact with several drugs, including anticonvulsants, anticoagulants, and antacids. These interactions may affect the effectiveness of isoniazid or increase the risk of side effects, requiring close monitoring and possible dose adjustments.

Indication

Isoniazid is primarily prescribed to treat and prevent tuberculosis (TB). Its therapeutic uses include: - **Active Tuberculosis**: Isoniazid is used as part of a multi-drug regimen to treat active tuberculosis. It is highly effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria responsible for TB, and is typically used in combination with other anti-TB medications to reduce the risk of drug resistance. - **Latent Tuberculosis**: For patients with latent TB (those who are infected with the bacteria but show no symptoms), isoniazid can be used as a preventive treatment to reduce the risk of developing active TB. This treatment is generally given for 6-9 months. - **Prophylaxis in High-Risk Populations**: Isoniazid is also used for prophylactic treatment in individuals who are at high risk of developing tuberculosis, such as those with HIV, close contacts of individuals with active TB, and healthcare workers.

Contra indication

Isoniazid is contraindicated in certain conditions to ensure patient safety: - **Liver Disease**: Isoniazid is contraindicated in patients with active liver disease or severe hepatic impairment due to the risk of hepatotoxicity. - **History of Isoniazid-Induced Hepatitis**: If a patient has previously experienced liver damage or hepatitis from isoniazid, the drug should not be used again. - **Hypersensitivity**: Isoniazid should be avoided in patients who have a known hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to the drug, which may manifest as skin rashes, fever, or more severe reactions like liver failure. - **Severe Renal Impairment**: While isoniazid can be used cautiously in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, it is contraindicated in those with severe renal disease due to the risk of accumulation and toxicity.

Side Effect

Isoniazid may cause both common and serious side effects. Monitoring for these side effects is important for patients on this medication: - **Common Side Effects**: - **Nausea and Vomiting**: Mild gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting, can occur, especially during the initial stages of treatment. - **Fatigue and Weakness**: Some patients may feel fatigued or weak, especially if they are taking multiple medications as part of their TB treatment regimen. - **Loss of Appetite**: Decreased appetite can occur, which may affect nutritional intake, especially in long-term therapy. - **Serious Side Effects**: - **Hepatotoxicity**: Isoniazid can cause liver damage, leading to symptoms like jaundice, abdominal pain, and dark urine. Liver function tests should be monitored regularly during treatment. - **Peripheral Neuropathy**: Isoniazid can cause nerve damage, resulting in symptoms such as tingling, numbness, or pain, especially in the hands and feet. This is more likely in patients with predisposing conditions like diabetes or malnutrition. - **Rash and Fever**: Some individuals may develop a rash or fever as an allergic reaction, which could indicate a more severe reaction like hepatitis. - **Psychiatric Effects**: Isoniazid can cause mood changes, depression, and even psychosis in rare cases. Patients should be monitored for these symptoms. - **Severe Allergic Reactions**: Though rare, anaphylaxis or other severe allergic reactions can occur, including swelling, difficulty breathing, or hives. Immediate medical attention is required in these cases.

Pregnancy Category ID

3

Mode of Action

Isoniazid works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The mechanism of action includes: - **Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis**: Isoniazid selectively targets the bacteria’s cell wall, disrupting its integrity and preventing its formation. This inhibits bacterial growth and replication. - **Bactericidal Action**: Isoniazid is bactericidal, meaning it kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is essential for treating active tuberculosis infections. - **Mycobacterial Enzyme Inhibition**: Isoniazid is activated by the bacterial enzyme catalase-peroxidase. Once activated, it inhibits the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA), further interfering with the synthesis of mycolic acids. The combination of these effects makes isoniazid effective in treating tuberculosis, particularly when used in conjunction with other anti-TB medications to prevent drug resistance.

Interaction

Isoniazid can interact with a number of other medications, which may affect its efficacy or increase the risk of adverse effects: - **Anticonvulsants**: Isoniazid may increase the levels of anticonvulsant drugs like phenytoin, leading to toxicity. Close monitoring of phenytoin levels is advised, and dose adjustments may be necessary. - **Warfarin**: Isoniazid may enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding. Regular monitoring of prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR) is recommended. - **Rifampin**: Rifampin, a common anti-TB drug, can decrease the blood levels of isoniazid, potentially reducing its effectiveness. These drugs are often used in combination, but adjustments to dosing may be necessary. - **Antacids**: Antacids containing aluminum hydroxide can reduce the absorption of isoniazid, diminishing its effectiveness. These should be taken at least one hour apart from isoniazid. - **Alcohol**: Alcohol increases the risk of liver toxicity when used in conjunction with isoniazid. Patients should be advised to avoid alcohol during treatment.

Pregnancy Category Note

Information not available

Adult Dose

The typical adult dosage of isoniazid depends on the condition being treated: - **Active Tuberculosis**: The usual dose for adults is 5 mg/kg body weight, up to a maximum of 300 mg once daily. This dose is typically used in combination with other anti-TB drugs for the treatment of active tuberculosis. - **Latent Tuberculosis**: For the treatment of latent TB, the usual dose is 300 mg once daily for 6-9 months, as a single-agent therapy.

Child Dose

For pediatric patients, the dosing of isoniazid depends on the child’s age and weight: - **Active Tuberculosis**: The typical dose is 10 mg/kg body weight daily, up to a maximum of 300 mg per day. This is part of a multi-drug regimen for treating active TB. - **Latent Tuberculosis**: For children with latent TB, the usual dose is 10 mg/kg body weight, up to a maximum of 300 mg once daily for 6-9 months. It is crucial to adjust doses carefully for pediatric patients, considering their weight and condition, and to monitor for side effects. --- As always, it is crucial for patients to consult their healthcare provider before starting isoniazid to ensure it is the right treatment for their specific condition and to discuss potential risks and interactions.

Renal Dose

In patients with renal impairment, the dose of isoniazid may need to be adjusted: - **Mild to Moderate Renal Impairment**: Generally, no dose adjustment is required for mild to moderate renal impairment. - **Severe Renal Impairment**: Isoniazid should be used with caution in patients with severe renal impairment. Although dose adjustments may not be necessary, it is important to monitor for drug accumulation and potential toxicity, particularly peripheral neuropathy.

Administration

Information not available