Metformin Hydrochloride

Welcome to Dwaey, specifically on Metformin Hydrochloride page.
This medicine contains important and useful components, as it consists of
Metformin Hydrochloride is available in the market in concentration.

Generic Name of Metformin Hydrochloride - Learn More

Metformin Hydrochloride

Metformin Hydrochloride Precaution - What You Need to Know

Before beginning treatment with metformin hydrochloride, it is critical that patients consult with their healthcare provider to ensure it is appropriate for their specific condition. Special precautions are necessary for individuals with a history of kidney disease, as metformin is primarily excreted through the kidneys. Patients with impaired renal function are at a higher risk for lactic acidosis, a rare but serious side effect associated with metformin. Other conditions requiring caution include liver disease, severe infections, dehydration, and any condition that may lead to hypoxia (low oxygen levels), such as respiratory or cardiovascular failure. Additionally, patients should be closely monitored when undergoing procedures that involve contrast dyes or surgery, as metformin should be temporarily discontinued during these periods. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their doctor before taking metformin, as its use during pregnancy should be evaluated, particularly during the first trimester.

Metformin Hydrochloride Indication - Uses and Benefits

Metformin hydrochloride is primarily indicated for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in patients who cannot control their blood glucose levels through diet and exercise alone. It works by reducing glucose production in the liver, improving insulin sensitivity in muscles, and enhancing peripheral glucose uptake. Metformin is also used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), where it can help improve insulin resistance, regulate menstrual cycles, and restore ovulatory function in some women. Additionally, in certain cases, metformin may be prescribed as part of the treatment regimen for gestational diabetes under medical supervision, though its use during pregnancy is generally limited. Metformin may be used alone or in combination with other antidiabetic medications to achieve better glucose control.

Metformin Hydrochloride Contraindications - Important Warnings

Metformin hydrochloride should not be used in the following situations:
- Severe renal impairment (e.g., creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min), as this can increase the risk of lactic acidosis.
- Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis, due to the risk of exacerbating these conditions.
- Severe hepatic disease: Patients with significant liver impairment should not use metformin, as it may exacerbate liver-related issues.
- Hypersensitivity to metformin or any of its components.
- Acute or severe infections that can lead to dehydration or hypoxia, as these conditions can increase the risk of lactic acidosis.
- Pregnancy and lactation: Metformin is generally not recommended during pregnancy unless specifically advised by a healthcare provider, especially during the first trimester. It should not be used during breastfeeding, as it passes into breast milk and could potentially harm the infant.

Metformin Hydrochloride Side Effects - What to Expect

Metformin hydrochloride is generally well-tolerated, but some patients may experience side effects, including:
- Gastrointestinal symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and a metallic taste are common, especially when starting treatment. These symptoms often improve with continued use or by starting at a lower dose.
- Lactic acidosis: Although rare, this is the most serious potential side effect of metformin, occurring when the buildup of lactic acid in the blood becomes excessive. Symptoms include muscle pain, difficulty breathing, dizziness, fatigue, and abdominal pain. If left untreated, it can be fatal.
- Vitamin B12 deficiency: Long-term use of metformin may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption, leading to deficiency. Regular monitoring of B12 levels is advised for patients on prolonged metformin therapy.
- Hypoglycemia: While metformin alone does not typically cause low blood sugar, the risk increases when used in combination with other antidiabetic medications like insulin or sulfonylureas.

Patients should notify their healthcare provider if any of these side effects become bothersome or severe, especially if they experience signs of lactic acidosis.

Metformin Hydrochloride Pregnancy Category ID - Safety Information

2

Metformin Hydrochloride Mode of Action - How It Works

Metformin works primarily by reducing hepatic glucose production, which is the body’s primary source of glucose between meals. By decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver, metformin helps lower overall blood sugar levels. Additionally, it increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle and fat, which allows for more efficient glucose uptake from the bloodstream. Metformin also decreases the absorption of glucose from the intestines, although this effect is relatively minor. Importantly, metformin does not cause insulin to be released from the pancreas, and therefore, does not typically lead to hypoglycemia unless combined with other medications that lower blood sugar levels.

Metformin Hydrochloride Drug Interactions - What to Avoid

Metformin can interact with several medications, affecting its efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects:
- Insulin and other antidiabetic drugs: When used together, they may enhance the blood-glucose-lowering effect, increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
- Diuretics (especially loop diuretics like furosemide), corticosteroids, and certain antipsychotic medications can increase blood glucose levels, potentially requiring adjustments in the metformin dose.
- Contrast media used in radiologic procedures can impair kidney function and increase the risk of lactic acidosis, so metformin should be temporarily discontinued before procedures involving iodine-based contrast.
- Alcohol: Chronic alcohol consumption increases the risk of lactic acidosis, while acute alcohol intake may exacerbate the blood glucose-lowering effects of metformin, leading to hypoglycemia.
- Cimetidine: This drug can elevate metformin concentrations in the blood by inhibiting its renal excretion.
- Other drugs such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or calcium channel blockers can alter blood glucose levels or influence kidney function, requiring close monitoring.

Patients should inform their healthcare provider about all medications they are taking, including prescription, over-the-counter drugs, and supplements, to avoid potential interactions.

Metformin Hydrochloride Adult Dose - Recommended Dosage

For adults, the typical starting dose of metformin hydrochloride is 500 mg once or twice daily with meals to minimize gastrointestinal side effects. If necessary, the dose may be gradually increased to 1,000 mg twice daily or 2,000-2,500 mg per day, depending on the patient’s blood glucose levels and tolerance. The maximum recommended dose is 2,500 mg per day, typically divided into two or three doses. It is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by a healthcare provider and adjust the dosage as needed, particularly when changing from other antidiabetic medications or if experiencing any side effects.

Metformin Hydrochloride Child Dose - Dosage for Children

Metformin is approved for use in pediatric patients with Type 2 diabetes aged 10 years and older. The typical starting dose for children is 500 mg once or twice daily with meals. Based on the child’s response and tolerance, the dose may be gradually increased, typically up to 2,000 mg per day in divided doses. The maximum recommended dose for children is 2,000 mg per day. Careful monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential during treatment. As with adults, renal function should be evaluated prior to starting metformin therapy, and dose adjustments should be made as needed.

As with any medication, it is crucial for patients and caregivers to consult with a healthcare provider before starting metformin to ensure its suitability based on individual health needs.

Metformin Hydrochloride Renal Dose - Dosage for Kidney Conditions

Metformin hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment, as it is primarily excreted by the kidneys. Dose adjustments are necessary for individuals with reduced renal function. The standard dosing recommendations are:
- CrCl (creatinine clearance) of 45-60 mL/min: The dose should be reduced by 50% (e.g., starting at 500 mg once daily).
- CrCl of 30-45 mL/min: Metformin should be used with caution, and the dose may need further adjustment or discontinuation.
- CrCl below 30 mL/min: Metformin is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment, as the risk of lactic acidosis is significantly increased.
Renal function should be monitored regularly during treatment with metformin, especially in elderly patients and those with pre-existing kidney issues.