Demeclocycline Hydrochloride
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Generic Name of Demeclocycline Hydrochloride - Learn More
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Precaution - What You Need to Know
Demeclocycline hydrochloride, a tetracycline antibiotic, is generally well-tolerated, but there are several important precautions for its use. It should be used with caution in patients with a history of liver disease, as it is primarily excreted via the liver, and hepatic impairment may lead to drug accumulation and toxicity. The drug can also cause photosensitivity, so patients should avoid prolonged exposure to sunlight or artificial UV rays, and protective measures (e.g., sunscreen, protective clothing) should be employed during treatment. Demeclocycline can affect renal function, and caution is advised in patients with pre-existing kidney conditions. Regular monitoring of renal function is recommended for those on long-term therapy, especially in elderly patients or those with impaired renal function. Demeclocycline is contraindicated in pregnant women, particularly during the second and third trimesters, due to the risk of fetal harm, including discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth. It is also excreted in breast milk, so it should be avoided by breastfeeding mothers unless absolutely necessary. Demeclocycline should not be used in children under 8 years of age due to the risk of permanent tooth discoloration and potential inhibition of bone growth.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Indication - Uses and Benefits
Demeclocycline is primarily indicated for the treatment of various bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and certain skin infections, especially those caused by susceptible strains of bacteria. It is also used in the treatment of specific conditions such as acne vulgaris and cholera. Additionally, demeclocycline is used off-label for its ability to inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH), making it effective in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). In this context, demeclocycline is used to correct water retention and hyponatremia, which are common in SIADH. The drug works by inhibiting the renal response to ADH, thereby inducing nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Clinical guidelines support its use as an alternative to other therapies in patients with chronic SIADH who have not responded to fluid restriction or other treatment options. Demeclocycline is also sometimes used in combination with other antibiotics for broader-spectrum coverage in infections.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Contraindications - Important Warnings
Demeclocycline hydrochloride is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to tetracycline antibiotics, as it can cause severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, urticaria, and angioedema. It is also contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic dysfunction, as it can lead to liver toxicity or exacerbate pre-existing liver disease. The use of demeclocycline is contraindicated in children under the age of 8 years due to the risk of permanent discoloration of teeth and possible inhibition of bone growth. The drug should also be avoided during pregnancy, particularly during the second and third trimesters, due to its potential teratogenic effects, which may result in permanent tooth discoloration and inhibition of skeletal development in the fetus. Demeclocycline is also contraindicated in breastfeeding mothers due to the risk of excretion in breast milk and potential effects on the infant’s developing bones and teeth. Patients with renal insufficiency should also avoid the use of this drug unless the benefits outweigh the risks, as it may exacerbate kidney dysfunction.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Side Effects - What to Expect
Demeclocycline is generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, it is associated with potential side effects. Common side effects include gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort. These symptoms can often be minimized by taking the medication with food. Photosensitivity is a well-known side effect, causing an increased sensitivity to sunlight, which may lead to severe sunburn. Serious side effects include hepatotoxicity, which can present as jaundice, liver enzyme elevation, or, in severe cases, liver failure. Renal toxicity is another concern, particularly in patients with pre-existing kidney disease. In rare cases, demeclocycline can cause bone marrow suppression, leading to thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, or anemia. Long-term use has been associated with the risk of developing secondary fungal or bacterial infections, such as candidiasis. A particularly concerning side effect is the potential for permanent tooth discoloration and inhibition of bone growth when used in children under the age of 8 years. For this reason, pediatric use is restricted, and the drug should be avoided during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters, due to teratogenic effects. Immediate discontinuation is recommended if any signs of allergic reactions (e.g., rash, swelling, difficulty breathing) or severe gastrointestinal symptoms occur.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Pregnancy Category ID - Safety Information
4
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Mode of Action - How It Works
Demeclocycline is a bacteriostatic antibiotic, which means it inhibits bacterial growth rather than directly killing the bacteria. It works by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria, inhibiting protein synthesis. By preventing the incorporation of amino acids into growing peptide chains, demeclocycline stops bacterial cell division and prevents the synthesis of essential proteins. This inhibition of protein synthesis leads to bacterial growth arrest. Demeclocycline is effective against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including certain strains of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli. In addition to its antibiotic properties, demeclocycline is also used to manage conditions like SIADH due to its ability to inhibit the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys. It acts on the renal tubules, decreasing the kidneys' response to ADH, leading to increased urine output and correcting fluid retention and hyponatremia seen in SIADH. This ability to modulate water balance makes it a unique therapeutic option in certain clinical settings.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Drug Interactions - What to Avoid
Demeclocycline interacts with several medications, potentially affecting its efficacy and safety. Like other tetracyclines, it should not be taken with dairy products or calcium supplements, as calcium can bind to the drug, reducing its absorption and effectiveness. Antacids or iron supplements containing magnesium, aluminum, or calcium can also interfere with the absorption of demeclocycline, leading to reduced therapeutic efficacy. Concomitant use of demeclocycline with other nephrotoxic drugs, such as aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), should be done with caution, as this may increase the risk of renal toxicity. Demeclocycline can also interact with oral contraceptives, reducing their effectiveness, and patients should consider additional methods of contraception during therapy. The drug may have an additive effect when used with other medications that cause photosensitivity (e.g., sulfonamides, some diuretics), increasing the risk of sunburn or skin damage from UV exposure. Patients should avoid alcohol, as it may exacerbate the risk of liver toxicity, particularly in patients with pre-existing liver disease.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Adult Dose - Recommended Dosage
For bacterial infections, the typical adult dose of demeclocycline is 150 to 300 mg, administered orally every 12 hours. The dosage may be adjusted depending on the severity of the infection and the specific pathogen involved. For more serious infections, higher initial doses may be required, often up to 600 mg per day, divided into multiple doses. In the treatment of SIADH, the recommended dose is generally 300–600 mg per day, administered in divided doses. Treatment duration varies based on the condition being treated and the patient's response to therapy. For infections, treatment usually lasts for 7-10 days. Doses should be adjusted for patients with liver or kidney impairment, and monitoring of liver and kidney function should be done regularly during therapy. The drug should be taken with a full glass of water to minimize the risk of esophageal irritation, and patients should avoid taking it with dairy products, antacids, or iron supplements to maximize absorption.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Child Dose - Dosage for Children
Demeclocycline is generally not recommended for use in children under the age of 8 years due to the risk of permanent tooth discoloration and possible inhibition of bone growth. For older children who require treatment for bacterial infections, the usual dose is 4–6 mg/kg, divided into two doses per day. The maximum dose should not exceed 300 mg per day. For the treatment of SIADH in children, similar dosing guidelines are followed, but the drug should be used with caution, and renal function should be closely monitored. As with adults, children should be monitored for signs of adverse effects, particularly photosensitivity, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential effects on bone development. If any adverse reactions are noted, such as signs of liver dysfunction or bone growth inhibition, the medication should be discontinued.
Demeclocycline Hydrochloride Renal Dose - Dosage for Kidney Conditions
In patients with renal impairment, dose adjustments may be necessary to avoid accumulation of the drug and reduce the risk of toxicity. In mild to moderate renal dysfunction, the usual dose of demeclocycline can generally be continued, but more frequent monitoring of renal function is recommended. In patients with severe renal impairment, the dose should be reduced, and careful monitoring of both renal function and drug levels should be performed. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 300 mg in patients with significant renal insufficiency. It is important to assess kidney function regularly throughout treatment, as demeclocycline is primarily excreted in the urine, and impaired renal function may lead to an increased risk of adverse effects, particularly nephrotoxicity. If signs of renal toxicity (such as elevated creatinine or decreased urine output) occur, the drug should be discontinued or the dose reduced.
