Gastric cancer

Overview Of Gastric cancer

Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, is a malignancy that develops in the lining of the stomach. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, though its incidence has declined in recent decades due to improved food preservation and reduced *Helicobacter pylori* infection rates. Gastric cancer often develops slowly over many years and is frequently diagnosed at advanced stages due to nonspecific early symptoms. Risk factors include chronic *H. pylori* infection, smoking, dietary habits, and genetic predisposition. Early detection and treatment are critical for improving survival rates. ---

Causes of Gastric cancer

• The exact cause of gastric cancer is not fully understood, but several factors contribute to its development. Chronic infection with *Helicobacter pylori* is the most significant risk factor, as it causes inflammation and damage to the stomach lining. Other risk factors include a diet high in smoked, salted, or pickled foods and low in fruits and vegetables. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity also increase the risk. Genetic factors, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), play a role in some cases. Understanding these causes helps in prevention and early detection. ---

Risk Factors of Gastric cancer

• Several factors increase the risk of developing gastric cancer. Chronic *Helicobacter pylori* infection is the most significant risk factor. A diet high in processed, smoked, or salted foods and low in fresh fruits and vegetables contributes to the risk. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity are also associated with higher incidence. Genetic predisposition, such as a family history of gastric cancer or inherited syndromes like Lynch syndrome, increases susceptibility. Age (over 50) and male gender are additional risk factors. Preventive measures, such as treating *H. pylori* infection and adopting a healthy diet, reduce the likelihood of gastric cancer. ---

Prevention of Gastric cancer

• Preventing gastric cancer involves addressing modifiable risk factors. Treating *Helicobacter pylori* infection reduces the risk of developing gastric cancer. Adopting a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while avoiding processed, smoked, or salted foods is important. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption also lower the risk. Regular screening for individuals with a family history of gastric cancer or genetic predisposition can aid in early detection. Public health initiatives promoting healthy lifestyles and infection control further reduce the incidence of gastric cancer. ---

Prognosis of Gastric cancer

• The prognosis for gastric cancer varies depending on the stage at diagnosis. Early-stage gastric cancer has a higher survival rate, with five-year survival rates exceeding 60% for localized disease. However, advanced-stage gastric cancer has a poorer prognosis, with five-year survival rates below 10%. Early detection through screening programs and prompt treatment are critical for improving outcomes. Public health measures, such as reducing *H. pylori* infection rates and promoting healthy diets, further enhance prognosis. ---

Complications of Gastric cancer

• Gastric cancer can lead to several complications, particularly in advanced stages. Obstruction of the stomach or intestines may cause vomiting or difficulty swallowing. Bleeding from the tumor can lead to anemia or blood in the stool. Metastasis to other organs, such as the liver, lungs, or bones, can cause organ-specific symptoms. Nutritional deficiencies and weight loss are common due to impaired digestion and absorption. Early intervention and supportive care are essential to prevent complications and improve quality of life. ---

Related Diseases of Gastric cancer

• Gastric cancer is closely related to other gastrointestinal cancers, such as esophageal or colorectal cancer, which share similar risk factors and symptoms. It is also associated with conditions like *Helicobacter pylori* gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric polyps, which can increase the risk of malignancy. Understanding these related diseases is important for comprehensive diagnosis and management. Preventive measures for gastric cancer also reduce the risk of other gastrointestinal conditions. ---

Treatment of Gastric cancer

The treatment of gastric cancer depends on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Early-stage gastric cancer may be treated with endoscopic resection or surgery (gastrectomy). Advanced stages often require a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab for HER2-positive cancers, and immunotherapy are also used in specific cases. Palliative care is important for managing symptoms and improving quality of life in advanced stages. Early and multidisciplinary treatment improves outcomes. ---