Wet ARMD Treatment in UAE

Overview Of Wet ARMD

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (wet ARMD) is a progressive eye condition that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It is one of the two main types of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), with the other being dry ARMD. Wet ARMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, causing damage to the macula. This leakage disrupts the retinal cells, leading to central vision loss. Unlike dry ARMD, which develops slowly and without noticeable symptoms in its early stages, wet ARMD can cause rapid and severe vision impairment. The condition primarily affects older adults, particularly those over the age of 50, and is a leading cause of vision loss in this age group. Wet ARMD is less common than the dry form but tends to progress more quickly, making early detection and treatment crucial for preserving vision.

Symptoms of Wet ARMD

The symptoms of wet ARMD can develop rapidly, often leading to significant vision impairment if not treated promptly. Common symptoms include: - Blurry or distorted central vision: One of the most noticeable early signs is distortion of straight lines, making them appear wavy or bent. - Central vision loss: The leakage from abnormal blood vessels can lead to a dark or blind spot in the center of vision, significantly affecting the ability to read, drive, or recognize faces. - Rapid onset of visual changes: Unlike dry ARMD, which progresses gradually, wet ARMD often causes a sudden and noticeable change in vision. - Difficulty seeing in low-light conditions: People with wet ARMD may find it increasingly difficult to see in dim lighting or at night due to the damage to the retina. - Visual distortion: Some individuals may experience central vision distortion, such as straight lines appearing curved or blurry, due to the fluid and blood leakage affecting the macula. - Color vision changes: Some patients may also notice changes in their color perception, particularly with regard to seeing certain colors less vividly.

Causes of Wet ARMD

The exact cause of wet ARMD is not entirely understood, but several factors contribute to the development of the condition: - Age: The risk of developing wet ARMD increases with age, particularly in individuals over
- Genetic factors: Certain genes have been linked to a higher risk of ARMD, particularly those involved in the regulation of inflammation and vascular health. A family history of macular degeneration increases the likelihood of developing the condition. - Abnormal blood vessel growth (choroidal neovascularization): Wet ARMD occurs when new, abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina, a process known as choroidal neovascularization (CNV). These vessels are fragile and prone to leaking fluid or blood, causing damage to the macula. - Smoking: Smoking is a significant risk factor, as it can damage the blood vessels in the retina, increase inflammation, and accelerate the growth of abnormal blood vessels. - Dietary factors: A diet high in saturated fats and low in antioxidants may increase the risk of wet ARMD. Conversely, a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk. - Exposure to sunlight: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light can contribute to retinal damage, potentially increasing the risk of ARMD. - Cardiovascular health: Poor cardiovascular health, including high blood pressure and high cholesterol, can increase the risk of developing wet ARMD due to the negative impact on blood vessel health.

Risk Factors of Wet ARMD

Several factors increase the risk of developing wet ARMD, including: - Age: The risk increases significantly after the age of 50, with a particularly higher prevalence in those over
- Family history: A family history of macular degeneration can make individuals more susceptible to developing the disease. - Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor that accelerates retinal damage and promotes abnormal blood vessel growth under the retina. - Cardiovascular disease: Conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and a history of heart disease can elevate the risk of developing wet ARMD. - Light skin and eye color: Individuals with fair skin, light eyes, and those who have a tendency to burn easily in the sun may be at a higher risk due to less natural protection from UV light. - Diet: A poor diet, particularly one low in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, can contribute to the development of ARMD. - UV exposure: Long-term exposure to ultraviolet light without protection increases the risk of retinal damage, especially in those predisposed to macular degeneration. - Gender: Women are slightly more likely to develop wet ARMD than men, likely due to longer life expectancy and other hormonal factors.

Prevention of Wet ARMD

Although wet ARMD cannot be prevented, several steps can reduce the risk of developing the condition or slow its progression: - Regular eye exams: Early detection is key to managing wet ARMD effectively. Regular eye exams, particularly for individuals over 50 or those with risk factors, can help identify the disease before significant vision loss occurs. - Smoking cessation: Avoiding smoking or quitting can reduce the risk of developing wet ARMD, as smoking accelerates damage to the retina. - Healthy diet: A diet rich in antioxidants, vitamins C and E, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids may help reduce the risk of ARMD. - Sun protection: Wearing sunglasses with UV protection can help reduce the risk of retinal damage from prolonged sun exposure. - Managing cardiovascular health: Controlling risk factors such as high blood pressure and cholesterol can reduce the risk of developing wet ARMD.

Prognosis of Wet ARMD

The prognosis for individuals with wet ARMD can vary significantly based on the timing of diagnosis and treatment. If treated early with anti-VEGF injections, many patients can experience stabilization or even improvement in vision. However, if left untreated or diagnosed at a later stage, wet ARMD can lead to significant and irreversible vision loss. Although treatment can help slow the progression of the disease, it is often not curative, and patients may continue to experience gradual vision decline. Regular monitoring and ongoing treatment are essential for managing the disease and preserving vision for as long as possible.

Complications of Wet ARMD

If not adequately managed, wet ARMD can lead to several complications, including: - Permanent vision loss: The most severe complication of wet ARMD is permanent central vision loss, which can significantly impair daily activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. - Retinal scarring: Persistent leakage from abnormal blood vessels can lead to scarring of the retina, which may result in a permanent blind spot in the center of vision. - Reduced quality of life: Vision impairment from wet ARMD can affect an individual’s independence and quality of life, leading to difficulties with tasks that require detailed vision. - Psychological effects: Vision loss may contribute to feelings of depression, anxiety, and frustration, particularly in older adults.

Related Diseases of Wet ARMD

Wet ARMD is related to other conditions affecting the retina and vision, including: - Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Dry ARMD is the more common form of macular degeneration, characterized by the gradual breakdown of the macula without the abnormal blood vessel growth seen in wet ARMD. - Diabetic Retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that damages blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision problems similar to those in wet ARMD. - Retinal Vein Occlusion: A condition where a blockage in a retinal vein causes fluid leakage and vision loss, resembling the symptoms of wet ARMD. - Central Serous Retinopathy: A condition where fluid accumulates under the retina, causing vision distortion, though it differs from wet ARMD in terms of its underlying cause and progression.

Treatment of Wet ARMD

Although there is no cure for wet ARMD, several treatment options aim to slow the progression of the disease and preserve vision: - **Anti-VEGF injections**: The most common treatment for wet ARMD is the injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) medications directly into the eye. These drugs, such as bevacizumab (Avastin), ranibizumab (Lucentis), and aflibercept (Eylea), work by blocking the growth of abnormal blood vessels, reducing leakage, and improving vision. Injections are typically given at regular intervals, often monthly or quarterly, depending on the severity of the condition. - **Laser therapy**: In some cases, laser photocoagulation is used to destroy abnormal blood vessels under the retina. However, this treatment is less common today due to the advent of anti-VEGF therapy. - **Photodynamic therapy (PDT)**: PDT involves injecting a light-sensitive dye into the bloodstream, which is then activated by a laser to target and destroy abnormal blood vessels in the macula. This treatment may be used when anti-VEGF injections are not effective. - **Nutritional supplements**: Although not a primary treatment, certain vitamins and minerals, particularly those found in the AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) formula, may help slow the progression of ARMD in individuals with early or intermediate disease. - **Low vision aids**: For individuals with significant vision loss, specialized devices such as magnifiers, reading glasses, and electronic aids may help improve quality of life and assist with daily activities.