0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P. Infusion/Solution for

What is 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

0.9% w/v Sodium Chloride Infusion [PSI] is a sterile, non-pyrogenic solution of sodium chloride in water for injection. It is commonly used for fluid and electrolyte replenishment in clinical settings. Containing 0.9 grams of sodium chloride per 100 ml, this solution is also known as "normal saline." It has an osmolarity close to that of body fluids, making it ideal for intravenous administration.

• Form: Infusion/Solution
• Volume: 50ml Plastic Bag
• Generic Name: Sodium Chloride 0.9%
• Category: Isotonic electrolyte solution

This infusion is used in various clinical situations such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypovolemia, and as a diluent for compatible medications. It plays a critical role in restoring fluid balance, particularly during surgery, trauma, or illness.

Additionally, it may be employed to flush intravenous catheters and maintain patency. It is often considered the “go-to” intravenous fluid for general medical and surgical cases due to its physiological compatibility with human plasma.

The 50ml size format is particularly useful in pediatric cases, dilution of drugs, or short-term electrolyte support where only a small volume is necessary.

How to use 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

Proper administration of 0.9% w/v Sodium Chloride Infusion [PSI] is essential for achieving the desired clinical outcomes. It should only be administered under the supervision of qualified healthcare professionals in a clinical setting.

• Route of Administration: Intravenous (IV) infusion only
• Preparation: Inspect the plastic bag for any discoloration or particulate matter before use. Do not use if the solution is cloudy or if the container is damaged.
• Administration: Connect the bag to a sterile IV set using aseptic technique. Infuse using a calibrated pump or gravity set as per clinician’s instructions.
• Rate: Adjust infusion rate based on age, clinical status, and the patient’s fluid requirements.

For adult patients, the infusion may be given as a bolus or continuous drip depending on the clinical need—such as hydration, shock, or flushing IV lines. For pediatric and neonatal use, administration must be cautiously monitored to prevent fluid overload.

It is often used to:

• Restore intravascular volume during dehydration or hypovolemia
• Maintain fluid balance during surgery
• Dilute and deliver IV medications
• Flush IV catheters

Always adhere to aseptic precautions and institutional guidelines for IV infusion. Never administer this product intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

Mode of Action 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

The therapeutic action of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Infusion is based on its osmotic and electrolyte-balancing properties. It is considered an isotonic solution, meaning its osmolarity is similar to that of human plasma, thus minimizing osmotic shifts in body fluids.

• Electrolyte Replacement: Sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) ions are essential for physiological homeostasis. Sodium maintains extracellular fluid volume and helps transmit nerve impulses and muscle function. Chloride maintains acid-base balance and osmotic pressure.
• Hydration & Volume Expansion: The infusion replenishes extracellular fluid losses due to vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, or surgical procedures.
• Carrier for Medications: It serves as a vehicle for IV drug delivery without significantly altering the osmolarity of the blood.

By restoring both fluid volume and electrolyte balance, the solution supports organ perfusion and cellular function. Sodium chloride dissociates completely in solution, allowing for rapid systemic availability of its ionic components, which in turn helps correct metabolic and circulatory disturbances.

Additionally, because it is isotonic, it does not cause significant shifts of water into or out of the body's cells, making it safe for routine fluid administration in most clinical scenarios.

0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P. Interactions 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

Although 0.9% Sodium Chloride Infusion is generally safe and well-tolerated, certain interactions must be considered when used concurrently with other medications or in specific clinical situations.

• Drug Compatibility: It is often used as a diluent for IV medications. However, some drugs may be incompatible (e.g., amphotericin B, oxytetracycline). Always consult compatibility charts or pharmacy guidelines before mixing.
• Corticosteroids: May enhance sodium and water retention, increasing the risk of edema and hypertension when given with sodium chloride infusions.
• Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: These may increase the risk of hypernatremia if given alongside sodium chloride infusions.
• NSAIDs: Can reduce renal perfusion and impair sodium excretion, potentiating fluid overload when combined with large-volume infusions.

Be cautious when co-administering with medications that affect electrolyte or fluid balance. Always monitor the patient’s electrolyte levels and fluid status during concurrent therapy.

Do not mix with blood products unless confirmed compatible. Also, avoid concurrent use with hypotonic or hypertonic solutions unless clinically justified.

Dosage of 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

Dosage of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Infusion depends on patient age, weight, clinical condition, and the purpose of use. It must be individualized based on ongoing losses and response to therapy.

• Adults: Typically, 500 ml to 1000 ml may be administered over 24 hours for maintenance. Larger volumes may be required for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic shock.
• Pediatrics: Dosage is weight-based (e.g., 20-40 ml/kg/day for maintenance). Must be administered cautiously to avoid fluid overload.
• Neonates: Often receive smaller volumes (e.g., 10-20 ml/kg) under strict monitoring due to immature renal function.
• Drug Dilution: When used as a diluent, volume should be adjusted according to the concentration required for safe administration of the active drug.

Rate and volume should always be determined by a physician based on continuous evaluation of the patient’s electrolyte levels, hemodynamic status, and clinical response.

Special caution is warranted in patients with cardiac, renal, or hepatic impairments, where fluid balance must be carefully monitored.

Possible side effects of 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

Although 0.9% Sodium Chloride Infusion is generally well-tolerated, certain side effects may occur, especially with inappropriate use or in sensitive populations.

• Common Side Effects:
  • Injection site reactions (pain, redness, swelling)
  • Mild electrolyte imbalance (especially with prolonged use)
• Serious Side Effects:
  • Hypernatremia (excess sodium in blood)
  • Fluid overload or pulmonary edema
  • Congestive heart failure exacerbation
• Rare Adverse Events:
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Phlebitis or thrombophlebitis
  • Allergic reactions (extremely rare)

Patients with heart, liver, or kidney disorders are more prone to complications due to fluid retention. Continuous monitoring of vital signs and lab values is essential during prolonged administration.

If side effects are observed, adjust dosage or discontinue infusion and seek medical intervention.

0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P. Contraindications 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

Although widely used, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Infusion is not suitable for every patient. It must be avoided or used cautiously in certain medical conditions.

• Absolute Contraindications:
  • Hypernatremia
  • Fluid retention disorders without loss (e.g., anasarca, generalized edema)
• Relative Contraindications (Use with caution):
  • Severe renal impairment (risk of sodium retention)
  • Uncontrolled congestive heart failure
  • Hypertension
  • Cirrhosis with ascites

Do not administer with incompatible medications or blood products unless compatibility is verified. Always evaluate risks vs. benefits before use in high-risk populations like neonates, elderly, or those with comorbidities.

Storage of 0.9% w/v SODIUM CHLORIDE INTRAVENOUS INFUSION B.P.

Proper storage ensures the stability and sterility of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Infusion. Follow the manufacturer’s and institutional storage guidelines strictly.

• Temperature: Store at 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). Do not freeze.
• Light Protection: No special protection needed, but avoid direct sunlight or excessive heat exposure.
• Container Care: Use only if the solution is clear and the plastic bag is intact. Discard if discolored or if particulate matter is visible.
• Shelf Life: Check the expiry date printed on the bag. Do not use beyond the expiration period.

After opening or spiking the bag, use the solution immediately to avoid contamination. Do not reconnect partially used bags. Dispose of unused portions according to hospital protocol and local regulations.